Universal design
From Biocrawler, the free encyclopedia.
Universal design or inclusive design is an approach to the design of products, services and environments to be as usable as possible by as many people as possible regardless of age, ability or situation. It links directly to the political concept of an inclusive society and its importance has been recognised by goverments, business and industry.
Previous approaches have been previously labeled "barrier-free" or "handicapped accessible." These terms connoted an unattractive, separatist solution to accessibility problems. Universal design is a graceful, broad-spectrum solution that helps everyone, not just the disabled.
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Universal Design is necessary as life expectancy has risen and modern medicine has increased the survival rate of those with significant injuries, illnesses and birth defects. Many times those with severe injuries survive but are left with disabilities that must be accommodated.
Universal Design is a part of everyday living. Designing tables, and bars that are wheelchair and scooter accessible and having light weight but sturdy chairs are two simple examples that most people would take for granted. Color contrast dishware with steep sides assist those with visual problems as well as those with dexterity problems. Cabinets with pull out shelves that can be adjustable to any level helps those in a wheelchair, people suffering from back problems, and makes the simple act of reaching easier for all of us.
The Americans with Disabilities Act requires Universal Design for Buildings, Facilities, and Transportation that accept Federal funds. Buildings and Facilities must be accessible to everyone including those with disabilities. New buses and vans used for public transportation are to be handicap accessible. Ramps, color contrast floors and non-skid entryways are required. Approximately 4% of the parking spaces should be reserved for those with disabilities. Telephones and water fountains must be at different levels to also accommodate everyone. For more information on products and The Americans with Disabilities Act see links below.
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Seven principles of universal design
- Equitable use
- Flexibility in use
- Simple and intuitive
- Perceptible information
- Tolerance for error
- Low physical effort
- Size and space for approach and use
(from the Center for Universal Design (http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/))
These principles are broader than that of accessible design.
Examples
- Smooth ground surfaces of entranceways
- Wide interior doors and hallways
- Bright and appropriate lighting, particularly task lighting
- Handles operated with a lever rather than a twisting knob
- Light controls operated with large panels rather than a toggle switch
Design standards
In October 2003, representatives from China, Japan, and South Korea met in Beijing and agreed to set up a committee to define common design standards for a wide range of products and services that are easy to understand and use. Their goal is to publish a standard in 2004 which covers, among other areas, standards on containers and wrappings of household goods (based on a proposal from experts in Japan), and standardization of signs for public facilities, a subject of particular interest to China as it prepares to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.
The International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission have developed:
- Guide 71 (http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=33987) Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities (abstract only - fee for entire text)
These standards are still under development:
- ISO 20282-1 (http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=34122&scopelist=PROGRAMME) – Ease of operation of everyday products — Part 1: Context of use and user characteristics
- ISO 20282-2 (http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=36452&scopelist=PROGRAMME) – Ease of operation of everyday products — Part 2: Test method
See also
- Accessibility
- Ergonomics
- Industrial design
- Usability
- US – Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- UK – Disability Discrimination Act
External links
- Trace Research and Development Center (http://trace.wisc.edu/)
- Center for Universal Design (http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/) (1997). The Principles of Universal Design, Version 2.0. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University." These principles were compiled by Bettye Rose Connell, Mike Jones, Ron Mace, Jim Mueller, Abir Mullick, Elaine Ostroff, Jon Sanford, Ed Steinfeld, Molly Story, and Gregg Vanderheiden.
- Universal Design Centre at Sheridan (http://www.sheridanc.on.ca/udc)
- ISO/TC 159 – Ergonomic guiding principles (http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/stdsdevelopment/tc/tclist/TechnicalCommitteeDetailPage.TechnicalCommitteeDetail?COMMID=3906)
- AARP Home Design (http://www.aarp.org/life/homedesign/)
- Univeral design examples (http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2004/freedommachines/special_universal_bh.html) – PBS' Freedom Machines film
- Design Council Inclusive Design (http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/inclusivedesign/) Design Council UK's one stop shop information resource on inclusive design.
- The Include Programme (http://www.hhrc.rca.ac.uk/programmes/include) supports people working to make inclusive (universal) design a reality.
- The Include 2005 Conference (http://www.hhrc.rca.ac.uk/programmes/include/2005) is a biennial conference for design academics and professionals actively developing the theory and practice of inclusive (universal) design and communication.
- The Helen Hamlyn Research Centre (http://www.hhrc.rca.ac.uk)ja:ユニバーサルデザイン
