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Ship

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For the online phenomenon of "shipping," see Shipping (fandom).

Italian barque Amerigo Vespucci in New York harbor, 1976.

A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft. Except sometimes, in ancient use, it is decked. A ship usually has sufficient size to carry its own boats, such as lifeboats, dinghies, or runabouts. A rule of thumb saying (though it doesn't always apply) goes: "a boat can fit on a ship, but a ship can't fit on a boat." Often local law and regulation will define the exact size (or the number of masts) which a boat requires to become a ship. (Note that one refers to submarines as "boats"). Compare vessel.

One alternate, perhaps more modern, definition of a 'ship' is that of any floating craft which carries and transports cargo in an enclosed space between its hulls for the purpose of earning revenue. For example, passenger ships move 'supercargo' (another name for passengers or persons not working on board), and passengers occupy the enclosed space between those ships' hulls. But fishing boats are never considered 'ships' even though fishing boats carry lifeboats and cargo (the catch of the day). However, the space between hulls on fishing boats is unenclosed, and those hulls are usually raised to double as barriers preventing passengers from falling overboard.

Ferries are generally not referred to as 'ships' either. Though ferries float on an enclosed space (a barge usually), that space is left vacant to any sort of cargo. Exceptions are large car ferries and long-distance ferries run by shipping companies, for example, those that connect China and Japan.

During the age of sail, ship signified a ship-rigged vessel, that is, one with three or more masts, usually three, all square-rigged. Such a vessel would normally have one fore and aft sail on her aftermost mast which was usually the mizen. Almost invariably she would also have a bowsprit but this was not part of the definition. The same economic pressures which increased sizes to the point of carying four or five masts, also introduced the fore and aft rig to larger vessels, so few ship-rigged vessels were built with more than three masts. The five-masted Preussen was the outstanding example but the big German ships and barques were built partly for prestige reasons.

Nautical means related to sailors, particularly customs and practices at sea. Naval is the adjective pertaining to ships though in common usage, it has come to be more particularly associated with the noun 'navy'.

Contents

1 Measuring ships

2 Propulsion

3 Ships in the Bible

4 General terminology

5 Shipboard terminology

6 Some types of ships and boats

7 Some historical types of ships and boats

8 See also

9 Quotations

10 External links

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Measuring ships

One can measure ships in terms of overall length, length of the waterline, beam (breadth), depth (distance between the crown of the weather deck and the top of the keelson) and tonnage.

A number of different tonnage definitions exist,: most measure volume rather than weight and are used when describing merchant ships.

Gross tonnage is a measure of the total internal volume of the ship.
Net Register Tonnage is expresses a merchant vessel's earning capacity and gives the internal capacity of that part of the ship available for cargo or passengers.
Thames tonnage was used for smaller vessels and worked to a formula: (length - beam) x beam x ½beam / 94
The term displacement tonnage is normally applied when indicating the size of warships and equals the actual weight of a ship complete with crew, fuel, stores and water.
"Light ship" tonnage measures the actual weight of the ship with no fuel, no persons, no cargo, no water on board is not usually quoted.
The deadweight tonnage is the weight of cargo, stores, passengers etc. which when added to the weight of the ship's structure and equipment, will bring the vessel down to her designed waterline.

The word "displacement" arises from the basic physical law, discovered by Archimedes, that the weight of a floating object equates exactly to that of the water which would otherwise occupy the "hole in the water" displaced by the ship.

In Britain, until the Merchant Shipping Act of 1876, ship-owners could load their vessels until their decks were almost awash, resulting in a dangerously unstable condition. Additionally, anyone who signed onto such a ship for a voyage and, upon realizing the danger, chose to leave the ship, could end up in jail.

Samuel Plimsoll, a member of Parliament, realized the problem and engaged some engineers to derive a fairly simple formula to determine the position of a line on the side of any specific ship's hull which, when it reached the surface of the water during loading of cargo, meant the ship had reached its maximum safe loading level. To this day, that mark, called the "Plimsoll Mark", exists on ships' sides, and consists of a circle with a horizontal line through the center. Because different types of water, (summer, fresh, tropical fresh, winter north Atlantic) have different densities, subsequent regulations required painting a group of lines forward of the Plimsoll mark to indicate the safe depth (or freeboard above the surface) to which a specific ship could load in water of various densities. Hence the "ladder" of lines seen forward of the Plimsoll mark to this day.

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Propulsion

Until the application of the steam engine to ships in the early 19th century, oars propelled galleys or the wind propelled sailing ships.

Before mechanisation, merchant ships always used sail, but as long as naval warfare depended on ships closing to ram or to fight hand-to-hand, galleys dominated in marine conflicts because of their maneuverability and speed. The Greek navies that fought in the Peloponnesian War used triremes, as did the Romans contesting the Battle of Actium. The use of large numbers of cannon from the 16th century meant that maneuverability took second place to broadside weight; this led to the dominance of the sail-powered warship.

The development of the steamship became a complex process, the first commercial success accruing to Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat (often called the "Clermont") in the USA in 1807, followed in Europe by the 45-foot PS Comet of 1812. Steam propulsion progressed considerably over the rest of the 19th century. Notable developments included the condenser, which reduced the requirement for fresh water, and the multiple expansion engine, which improved efficiency. As the means of transmitting the engine's power, the paddle wheel gave way to the more efficient screw propeller. The marine steam turbine developed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, brought the power to weight ratio down. He had achieved publicity by demonstrating it unofficially in the 100-foot Turbinia at the Spithead Naval Review in 1897. This facilitated a generation of high-speed liners in the first half of the 20th century and rendered the reciprocating steam engine out of date, in warships.

The marine diesel engine first came into use around 1912: either the Vulcanus or the Selandia (depending upon who you talk to) first deployed it. It soon offered even greater efficiency than the steam turbine but for many years had an inferior power-to-space ratio. About this period too, heavy fuel oil came into more general use and began to replace coal as the fuel of choice in steamships. Its great advantages were the convenience and the reduction in manning owing to the removal of the need for trimmers and of stokers in the old-fashioned numbers.

Most ships built since around 1960 have used diesel power or motors; one exception, Queen Elizabeth 2 of 1968, started with steam turbines but subsequently converted to diesel as a cost-saving measure.

A few ships have used nuclear reactors, but this is not a separate form of propulsion. It merely makes steam to drive the turbines. Nonetheless, it has caused concerns about safety and waste disposal. It has become usual only in large aircraft carriers and in submarines, where the ability to run submerged for long periods holds obvious advantage. In such long-endurance vessels, the saving in bunkerage too, is an important consideration.

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Ships in the Bible

This entry incorporates text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897, with some modernisation.

The Phoenicians made use of ships for foreign commerce from early in their history (Gen. 49:13). Moses (Deut. 28:68) and Job (9:26) make reference to them, and Balaam speaks of the "ships of Chittim" (Num. 24:24). Solomon constructed a navy at Ezion-geber by the assistance of Hiram's sailors (1 Kings 9:26-28; 2 Chr. 8:18). Afterwards, Jehoshaphat sought to provide himself with a navy at the same port, but his vessels apparently suffered shipwreck before they set sail (1 Kings 22:48, 49; 2 Chr. 20:35-37).

The Book of Jonah depicts a merchant shipping network and some of its crew dynamics.

The New Testament refers to fishermen's boats on the Sea of Galilee as "ships". The record in Acts 27, 28 provides much data concerning the construction and navigation of ancient merchant ships.

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General terminology

Ships may occur collectively as fleets, flotillas or squadrons. Convoys of ships commonly occur.

A collection of ships for military purposes may comprise a navy or a task force.

People counting or grouping disparate types of ships may refer to the individual vessels as bottoms. Groups of sailing ships could comprise, say, a fleet of 40 sail. Groups of submarines (particularly German U-boats in the 1940s) may hunt in packs (derived from "wolf packs").

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Shipboard terminology

The complexity of ships, particularly of sailing ships, led to the development of a rich and various vocabulary. Many of the following terms link to more detailed discussions of nautical terminology.

Amidships - toward the middle of the vessel.
Bow - strictly, one of the two curved structures where the hull broadens out from the stem (the pointed end). More loosely, the head of the vessel or front of the ship. Compare prow, a more poetical term for the ship's head.
Stern - the after end of the ship.
Aft towards the stern when the relationship is within the ship.
Astern beyond the stern where the relationship is outside the vessel.
Starboard - the side of the ship which lies to the right when an observer within the ship faces forward.
Port - the side of the ship which lies to the left when an observer within the ship faces forward. (A mnemonic to distinguish port and starboard notes that left and port both have four letters. Another incorporates the navigation light: Is there any red port left?)
Bridge - A structure above the weather deck which houses a command centre, itself called by association, the bridge.
Bulkheads - internal "walls" in a ship. Bulkheads are the vertical equivalent of decks. They have a structural function as well as dividing spaces. They serve to prevent collapse of the hull under stress, to maintain stability, in the event of flooding, and to contain fire. Many bulkheads feature watertight doors which, in the case of certain types of ships, the crew may close remotely. An internal "wall" that is not load-bearing is usually referred to as a "Partition." It is to a bulkhead as a flat is to a deck.
Cabin - an enclosed room on a deck or flat.
Capstan - a winch with a vertical axis.
Coaming Raised edges of hatches in decks for keeping water and articles free on the deck out.
Decks - the structures forming the approximately horizontal surfaces in the ship's general structure. Unlike flats, they are a structural part of the ship.
Deck Head - The under-side of the deck above. Sometimes panelled over to hide the pipe work. This panelling, like that lining the bottom and sides of the holds, is the ceiling.
Draft - The vertical distance from the current waterline to the lowest point of the ship.
Figurehead - symbolic image at the head of a traditional sailing ship or early steamer.
Forecastle - a partial deck, above the upper deck and at the head of the vessel; traditionally the sailors' living quarters.
Freeboard - The vertical distance from the current waterline to the weather deck.
Galley - the kitchen of the ship
Gunwale – Formerly a fabricated band placed for strengthening around the ship at the main or upper deck level to accommodate the stresses imposed by the use of artillery. In later use it is the angle between the ship’s side and upper deck. It remained as a structural member, in wooden boats where it was mounted inboard of the sheer strake regardless of the need for gunnery.
Bulwark - the surrounding "wall" at the top of the hull.
Hold - In earlier use, below the orlop deck, the lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck. * Hull - the shell and framework of the basic flotation-oriented part of a ship
Keel - the central structural basis of the hull
Mast - a spar (in a ship, a very heavy one stepped in the keelson) formerly designed for the support of one or more sails. In modern ships, it is a steel of aluminium fabrication which carries navigation lights, radar antennae etc.
Prow - a poetical alternative term for bows.
Scupper - a drainage waterway at the edge of a deck, is drained by a pipe or, on the weather deck, a small opening in the bulwarks, leading overboard. It is called a scupper which is distinct from larger openings with hinged covers on the bulwarks, designed for relieving the ship of large quantities of water in a seaway. These are called freeing ports or washports..
Windlass - A winch mechanism, usually with a horizontal axis. used where mechanical advantage greater than that obtainable by block and tackle was needed.

Some types of ships and boats

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Some historical types of ships and boats

A two-masted schooner

Barque A sailing vessel with three or more masts, fore-and-aft rigged on only the aftermost.
Barquentine A sailing vessel with three or more masts, square-rigged only on the foremast.
Battlecruiser A light battleship.
Battleship a large, heavily-armoured and heavily-gunned warship. A term which generally post-dates sailing warships.
Bilander
Bireme An ancient vessel, propelled by two banks of oars.
Birlinn
Blockade runner A ship whose current business is to slip past a blockade.
Brig A two-masted, square-rigged vessel.
Brigantine A two-masted vessel, square-rigged on the foremast and fore-and-aft rigged on the main.
Caravel
Carrack
Clipper
Cog
Collier A vessel designed for the coal trade.
Dreadnought
East Indiaman
Fireship A vessel of any sort, set on fire and sent into an anchorage with the aim of causing consternation and destruction. The idea is generally that of forcing an enemy fleet to put to sea in a confused, therefore vulnerable state.
Galleass
Galleon
Galley
Galliot
Ironclad
Knarr
Liberty ship
Longship
Man of war
Monitor
Paddle steamer
Pantserschip
Penteconter
Pentereme
Pram
Q-ship
Quinquereme
Schooner
Shallop
Steamship
Ship of the line
Torpedo boat
Tramp steamer
Trireme
Xebec
Victory ship