Royal Academy
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This article refers to an art institution in London. For other meanings of Royal Academy see Royal Academy (disambiguation).
The Royal Academy is an art institution based in London.
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History
The Royal Academy was formed to rival the Society of Artists after an unseemly leadership dispute between two leading architects, Sir William Chambers and James Paine. Paine won, but Chambers vowed revenge and used his strong connections with the King to create a new artistic body, the Royal Academy, in 1768. It was formally launched the following year.
Its forty founder members, all admitted on 10 December 1768, included a father/daughter combination (George Michael Moser and Mary Moser) and two sets of brothers (George Dance the Younger and Nathaniel Dance-Holland, and Paul and Thomas Sandby).
Sir Joshua Reynolds was its first president, and Benjamin West its second.
Activities
The Royal Academy does not receive financial support from the state or crown. One of its principal sources of revenue is hosting temporary public art exhibitions. These are of the highest quality, comparable to those at the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery and leading art galleries outside the United Kingdom. In 2004 the highlights of the Academy's permanent collection went on display in the newly restored reception rooms of the original section of Burlington House, which are now known as the "John Madejski Fine Rooms".
The Academy also hosts an annual Royal Academy summer exhibition of new art, which is a well known event on the London social calendar. However it is not as fashionable as was the case in earlier centuries, and is largely ignored by the trendy Brit Artists and their patrons. Anyone who wishes may submit pictures for inclusion and those which are selected are displayed alongside the works of the Academicians. Most of the works are available for purchase.
The Academy also runs a postgraduate art school and a research library.
Location
Until 1771, the Academy was based in Pall Mall. Shortly afterwards, it was able to move into premsies at the new Somerset House, a government building which had been designed by Sir William Chambers, and was intended to provide accommodation for a number of learned societies. In 1837, the Academy moved to the recently constucted National Gallery in Trafalgar Square and then, in 1868, to its present home at Burlington House in Piccadilly. Major extensions were made to to the building to designs by Charles Barry (junior), architect son of Sir Charles Barry.
Membership
Full membership of the academy is limited to 80 Academicians or "RAs", who must be professional painters, printmakers, sculptors or architects. Within the total, there must always be at least 14 sculptors, 12 architects and eight printmakers; the balance is made up of painters. New Academicians are elected by the existing RAs.
Academicians ("RAs") by year of election
(incomplete list)
- Francesco Bartolozzi (1768)
- Agostino Carlini (1768)
- Mason Chamberlin (1768)
- Sir William Chambers (1768)
- Giovanni Battista Cipriani (1768)
- Richard Cosway (1768)
- Francis Cotes (1768)
- George Dance the Younger (1768; Academy professor of architecture 1798-1805)
- Nathaniel Dance-Holland (1768)
- Thomas Gainsborough (1768)
- John Gwynn (1768)
- Francis Hayman (1768; 1st Academy librarian)
- Nathaniel Hone (1768)
- William Hunter (1768; 1st Academy professor of anatomy)
- Angelica Kauffmann (1768)
- George Michael Moser (1768; 1st Academy Keeper)
- Mary Moser (1768)
- Joseph Nollekens (1768)
- Thomas Pingo (1768)
- Sir Joshua Reynolds (1768; President 1768-1792)
- John Inigo Richards (1768; Academy secretary 1788-1810)
- Paul Sandby (1768)
- Thomas Sandby (1768; 1st Academy professor of architecture)
- Dominic Serres (1768; Academy librarian 1792-1793)
- Benjamin West (1768; President 1792-1805, 1806-1820)
- Richard Wilson (1768)
- Joseph Wilton (1768; 3rd Academy Keeper)
- Johann Zoffany (1768)
- Francesco Zuccarelli (1768)
- Joseph Wright (1784)
- Thomas Banks (1785)
- James Northcote (1787)
- John Opie (1788)
- John Russell (1788)
- Henry Fuseli (1790; Academy professor of painting 1799-1803, 1810-1824; Academy Keeper 1803-1810?)
- Ozias Humphrey (1791)
- Thomas Kirk (1794)
- Sir Thomas Lawrence (1794; President 1820-1830)
- Richard Westall (1794)
- Thomas Stothard (1794)
- John Hoppner (1795)
- John Flaxman (1800)
- Martin Archer Shee (1800; President 1830-1850)
- Sir John Soane (1802; Academy professor of architecture 1806-1837)
- J. M. W. Turner (1802)
- Thomas Phillips (1808; Academy professor of painting 1824-1832)
- Sir Charles Lock Eastlake (1827; President 1850-1865)
- John Constable (1829)
- Edwin Henry Landseer (1831)
- William Clarkson Stanfield (1835)
- Frederick Richard Lee (1838)
- Daniel Maclise (1840)
- David Roberts (1841)
- Sir Francis Grant (1851)
- William Powell Frith (1852)
- John Everett Millais (1863; President 1896)
- Thomas Sidney Cooper (1867)
- James Sant (1869)
- Thomas Woolner (1875; professor of sculpture 1877-1879)
- Edward Poynter (1876; President 1896-1918)
- William Quiller Orchardson (1877)
- Alfred Waterhouse (1885)
- John William Waterhouse (1895)
- George Frederic Watts (1897)
- Benjamin Williams Leader (1898)
- Sir Aston Webb (1903)
- William Lionel Wyllie (1907)
- James Jebusa Shannon (1909)
- Edwin Landseer Lutyens (1921)
- Augustus John (1928)
- Sir William Reid Dick (1928)
- Sir William Russell Flint (1933)
- Laura Knight (1936)
- Harold Knight (1937)
- Hugh Casson (1970)
- Norman Adams (1972)
- Fred Cuming (1974)
- Elizabeth Blackadder (1976)
- Anthony Green (1977)
- Peter Blake (1981)
- Tom Phillips (1984)
- Donald Hamilton Fraser (1985)
- Michael Kenny (1986)
- Norman Ackroyd (1988)
- Craigie Aitchison (1988)
- Ann Christopher (1989)
- Gillian Ayres (1991)
- Kenneth Draper (1991)
- Bill Jacklin (1991)
- Joe Tilson (1991)
- Brendan Neiland (1992)
- Sir Nicholas Grimshaw (1994)
- Christopher Orr (1995)
- Eva Jiricna (1997)
- Alison Wilding (1999)
- Gary Hume (2001)
Presidents
- Sir Joshua Reynolds (1768-1792)
- Benjamin West (1792-1805)
- James Wyatt (1805-1806)
- Benjamin West (1806-1820)
- Sir Thomas Lawrence (1820-1830)
- Sir Martin Archer Shee (1830-1850)
- Sir Charles Lock Eastlake (1850-1865)
- Sir Francis Grant (1866-1878)
- Lord Leighton (1878-1896)
- Sir John Everett Millais (February-August 1896)
- Sir Edward Poynter (1896-1918)
- Sir Aston Webb (1919-1924)
- Sir Frank Dicksee (1924-1928)
- Sir William Llewellyn (1928-1938)
- Sir Edwin Lutyens (1938-1944)
- Sir Alfred James Munnings (1944-1949)
- Sir Gerald Kelly (1949-1954)
- Sir Albert Richardson (1954-1956)
- Sir Charles Wheeler (1956-1966)
- Sir Thomas Monnington (1966-1976)
- Sir Hugh Casson (1976-1984)
- Sir Roger de Grey (1984-1993)
- Sir Philip Dowson (1993-1999)
- Phillip King (1999-2004)
- Sir Nicholas Grimshaw (2004-present)
External links
- Royal Academy official site (http://www.royalacademy.org.uk)
- Foundation of the Royal Academy (http://www.speel.demon.co.uk/royacad.htm)
- The Royal Academy of Arts (http://www.britainexpress.com/History/culture/royal-academy.htm)
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