Old Italic alphabet
From Biocrawler, the free encyclopedia.
| History of the Alphabet |
|---|
|
Wadi el-Hol 19th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC
|
| Meroitic 3rd c. BC |
| Armenian 405 |
| Georgian 5th c. |
| Orkhon 6th c. |
| Ogham 6th c. |
| Hangul 1446 |
| Cree 1840 |
Old Italic refers to a number of related historical Latin-related alphabets used on the Italian peninsula which were used for some non-Indo-European (Etruscan and probably North Picene) languages.
The alphabets derive from Euboean Greek Cumaean alphabet, used at Ischia and Cumae in the Bay of Naples in the eighth century BC. Cumaean, in turn showed strong similarities to the Phoenician alphabet, lending support to theories of Phoenician influence in the West Mediterranean region.
Various Indo-European languages belonging to the Italic branch (Faliscan and members of the Sabellian group, including Oscan, Umbrian, and South Picene, and other Indo-European branches such as Venetic and Messapic. Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, North Picene, and South Picene all derive from an Etruscan form of the alphabet.
| Letter | Translit. | Name | Letter | Translit. | Name | Letter | Translit. | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𐌀 | a | a | 𐌁 | b | be | 𐌂 | c | ke |
| 𐌃 | d | de | 𐌄 | e | e | 𐌅 | v | ve |
| 𐌆 | z | ze | 𐌇 | h | he | 𐌈 | b | the |
| 𐌉 | i | i | 𐌊 | k | ka | 𐌋 | l | el |
| 𐌌 | m | em | 𐌍 | n | en | 𐌎 | š | esh |
| 𐌏 | o | o | 𐌐 | p | pe | 𐌑 | ś | she |
| 𐌒 | q | ku | 𐌓 | r | er | 𐌔 | s | es |
| 𐌕 | t | te | 𐌖 | u | u | 𐌗 | x | eks |
| 𐌘 | ph | phe | 𐌙 | ch | khe | 𐌚 | f | ef |
| 𐌛 | ř | ers | 𐌜 | ç | che | 𐌝 | í | ii |
| 𐌞 | ú | uu | 𐌠 | I | 1 | 𐌡 | V | 5 |
| 𐌢 | X | 10 | 𐌣 | D | 50 |
The Etruscan alphabet
It is not clear whether the process of adaptation from the Greek alphabet took place in Italy from the first colony of Greeks, the city of Cumae, or in Greece/Asia Minor. The Etruscan was mostly written from left to right. It was in any case a Western Greek alphabet. In the alphabets of the West, X had the sound value [ks], Ψ stood for [kʰ]; in Etruscan: X = [s], Ψ = [kʰ] or [kχ] (Rix 202-209).
An additional sign, 8, was present in both Lydian and Etruscan (Jensen 513). Its origin is disputed; it may be an altered B or H or an ex novo creation (Rix 202). Its sound value was [f] and it replaced the Etruscan FH.
The Unicode standard includes support for the Etruscan alphabet (your browser may or may not display the characters properly, if at all):
The Oscan alphabet
External links
- Etruscan Texts Project (http://etp.classics.umass.edu): A searchable online database of Etruscan inscriptions.
- Old Italic Unicode (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10300.pdf)
- The Etruscan alphabet (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/etruscan.htm)eo:Etruska alfabeto
fr:Alphabet étrusque ru:Этрусский алфавит
