Elephant
From Biocrawler, the free encyclopedia.
- For other uses, see Elephant (disambiguation).
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 African Elephant reaching for leaves, in Kenya | ||||||||||
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Elephantidae (the elephants) is the only extant family in the order Proboscidea. Elephantidae has three living species: the Savannah Elephant and Forest Elephant (which were collectively known as the African Elephant) and the Asian Elephant (formerly known as the Indian Elephant). During the period of the ice age there were more species, which are now extinct.
Elephants are the largest living land mammals. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 100 kg (225 pounds). It takes 20 to 22 months for a baby elephant to mature to birth, the longest gestation period of any land animal. An elephant may live as long as 60 to 70 years. The largest elephant ever recorded was a male shot in Angola in 1974, weighing 12 000 kilograms or 26 400 pounds.
Prehistoric human beings have been known to eat elephants, as recent findings of animal remains in central China show. The elephant is now a protected animal, and consumption is prohibited around the world.
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Body characteristics
An elephant's most obvious characteristic is the trunk, a much elongated combination of nose and upper lip. The tip of an elephant's trunk contains pacinian corpuscles and finger-like projections used to manipulate small objects and to pluck grasses. The trunk is a useful and muscular appendage that enables an elephant to reach food in high places and lift obstacles weighing up to 1 ton. Elephants are capable of pulling up to 11.5 liters (3 gallons) of water into the trunk to be sprayed into the mouth for drinking or onto the back for bathing. A trunk is also used for breathing and can be used as a snorkel when wading through deep water.
Elephants also have tusks, large teeth coming out of their upper jaws. Elephant tusks are the major source of ivory, but because of the increased rarity of elephants, hunting and ivory trade is now restricted and in some countries illegal.
Elephants have three premolars and three molars in each quadrant. They erupt in order from front to back, then wear down as the elephant chews its highly fibrous diet. When the last molar has worn out, the elephant typically dies of malnutrition; elephants in captivity can be kept alive longer than that by feeding them preground food. The molars of the African elephant are loxodont, hence the genus name.
Skin diseases often occur, from which they try to protect themselves by taking mud baths, showering one another with water from the trunk, and rolling in dust. The skin can therefore appear brown or reddish, but the natural color is light gray. Their coarse and wrinkled skin is sparsely bristled, and about 1 inch (25 mm) thick. There are also rare white elephants, who often have blue eyes. Otherwise elephants have brown eyes, surrounded by long lashes.
They have large ears that they can wave to cool themselves down, and a relatively small tail with a brush at its tip.
Walking at a normal pace an elephant covers about 2 to 4 miles an hour (3 to 6 km/h) but they can reach 24 miles an hour (40 km/h) at full speed.
Diet
Elephants are herbivores, spending 16 hours a day collecting plant food. Their diet is at least 50% grasses, supplemented with leaves, twigs, bark, roots, and small amounts of fruits, seeds and flowers. Because elephants only use 40% of what they eat they have to make up for their digestive system's lack of efficiency in volume. An adult elephant can consume 300 to 600 pounds (140 to 270 kg) of food a day. 60% of that food leaves the elephant's body undigested.
Varieties
It has long been known that the African and Asian elephants are separate species. African elephants tend to be larger than the Asian species (up to 4 m high and 7500 kg) and have bigger ears (which are rich in veins and thought to help in cooling off the blood in the hotter African climate). Female African elephants have tusks, while female Asian Elephants do not. African elephants have a dipped back, as compared with the Asian species, and have two "fingers" at the tip of their trunks, as opposed to only one.
There are two populations of African elephants, Savannah and Forest, and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called Loxodonta cyclotis, and the Savannah (or Bush) population termed Loxodonta africanus. This reclassification has important implications for conservation, because it means where there were thought to be two small populations of a single endangered species, there may in fact be two separate species, each of which is even more severely endangered. There's also a potential danger in that if the forest elephant isn't explicitly listed as an endangered species, poachers and smugglers might thus be able to evade the law forbidding trade in endangered animals and their body parts.
Harvest
The harvest of elephants, both legal and illegal, has had some unexpected consequences on elephant anatomy as well. African ivory hunters, by killing only tusked elephants, have given a much larger chance of mating to elephants with small tusks or no tusks at all. The propagation of the absent-tusk gene has resulted in the birth of large numbers of tuskless elephants, now approaching 30% in some populations (compare with a rate of about 1% in 1930). Tusklessness, once a very rare genetic abnormality, has become a widespread hereditary trait. [1] (http://www.gaiabooks.co.uk/environment/elephants_tuskless.html) It is possible, if unlikely, that continued selection pressure could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants, a development normally requiring thousands of years of evolution. The effect of tuskless elephants on the environment, and on the elephants themselves, could be dramatic. Elephants use their tusks to root around in the ground for necessary minerals, tear apart vegetation, and spar with one another for mating rights. Without tusks, elephant behavior could change dramatically. [2] (http://www.mail-archive.com/fact@tlk-lists.com/msg00030.html)
Domestication
Elephants have been used in various capacities by humans. Seals found in the Indus Valley suggest that the elephant was first domesticated in India. War elephants were used by armies in the Indian sub-continent, and later by the Persian empire. This use was adopted by Hellenistic, Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms. The Carthaginian general Hannibal took elephants across the Alps when he was fighting the Romans. Hannibal brought too few elephants to be of much military use, although his horse cavalry was quite successful. Hannibal probably used a now-extinct third African species, the North African elephant, smaller than its two southern cousins, and presumably easier to domesticate.
Asian elephants have been used for transport and entertainment, and are common to circuses around the world. Throughout Siam, India, and most of South Asia they were used in the military, used for heavy labor, especially for uprooting trees and moving logs, and were also commonly used as executioners to crush the condemned underfoot.
However, elephants have never been truly domesticated: the male elephant in his periodic condition of musth is dangerous and difficult to control; elephants used by humans have typically been female. War elephants were an exception, however: as female elephants in battle will run from a male, only males could be used in war.
It is more economical to capture wild young elephants and tame them than breeding them in captivity.
African elephants are usually thought not able to be domesticated, but some entrepreneurs have succeeded by bringing Asian mahouts to Africa.
Social behavior
In the wild, elephants exhibit complex social behavior and strong family bonds. Most females will live in family groups with up to 200 mothers, daughters and sisters. Males, on the other hand, are commonly found living soliatry or in smaller ( up to 20) temporary bachelor groups. Social hierarchy in calf-cow groups is based on size and age, with the largest and oldest at the top and the smallest and youngest coming in last. Adolescent males determine their own ranking order through jousting contests using head and tusks, where strength and temperament are as important as size and age. Generally, though, males are very tolerant of each other. The exception is when a female in in estrus. Bulls will roam from female group to group, staying with a specific female in estrus for a couple of days to ensure fertilization and will have no part in raising the calf. Females in estrus try not to court males, but usually choose a mate based on size and dominance, which tends to be a male in musth.
They communicate with very low and long-ranging subsonic tones.
Elephants, especially males, have been known to knock down trees when excited, socially pressured, or when looking for food.
Usefulness to the environment
Elephants' foraging activities help to maintain the areas in which they live:
- By pulling down trees to eat leaves, breaking branches, and pulling out roots they create clearings in which new young trees and other vegetation grow to provide future nutrition for elephants and other organisms.
- Elephants make pathways through the environment that are used by other animals to access areas normally out of reach. The pathways have been used by several generations of elephants, and today people are converting many of them to paved roads.
- During the dry season elephants use their tusks to dig into dry river beds to reach underground sources of water. These newly dug water holes may become the only source of water in the area.
- Elephants are a species upon which many other organisms depend. For example, termites eat elephant feces and often begin construction of termite mounds under piles of feces!
Evolution
Although the fossil evidence is uncertain, some scientists believe there is genetic evidence that the elephant family shares distant ancestry with the Sirenians (sea cows) and the hyraxes. In the distant past, members of the hyrax family grew to large sizes, and it seems likely that the common ancestor of all three modern families was some kind of amphibious hyracoid. One theory suggests that these animals spent most of their time under water, using their trunks like snorkels for breathing. It has recently been discovered that modern elephants can still swim using their trunks in that manner.
In the past, there was a much wider variety of elephant genera, including the mammoths, stegodons and deinotheria.
Elephants in pop culture
- Jumbo, a circus elephant, has been immortalized as a word for large.
- The most famous fictional elephant might be Dumbo, the flying elephant in Disney movie.
- The Elephant's Child is one of Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories
- The 'Thai Elephant Orchestra', a musical instrument playing group of Elephants from the 'Thai Elephant Conservation Center' in Lampang, have released a CD (#MUL004 Mulatta Records).
- On the TV series The Simpsons, Bart Simpson once won an elephant, whom he named Stampy, in a radio promotion
- The French children's storybook character Babar the Elephant (an elephant king) created by Jean de Brunhoff and also an animated TV series.
- "The Elephant Man", a movie and play about a Victorian era man who suffered from a disease that deformed him.
- The fictional world of Discworld by Terry Pratchett consists of a flat disc-shaped world carried on the backs of four sacred elephants who ride through space on a space turtle, the Great A'Tuin.
A common adage is that "Elephants never forget". Fictionally portrayed elephants are often dreadfully afraid of mice. This is often milked for humour value, due to the obvious difference in size between the two animals. Elephant jokes are also quite common.
Elephants in politics
The elephant is also the symbol for the United States Republican Party (often pictured with the Democratic party's donkey). The first depiction of the Republican party appeared in a cartoon by Thomas Nast of Harper's Weekly in 1874.
Elephants in religion
- A white elephant is considered holy in Thailand.
- Ganesh, the Hindu god of wisdom, has an elephant's head.
Elephant Rage
The National Geographic Society aired a program describing a disturbing trend of Elephants killing humans on the National Geographic Channel on Sunday, June 5th, 2005. To sum up the episode, scientists discover that elephants kill 300-400 humans per year, and they set out to find why. In the last ten minutes of the episode Explorer: Elephant Rage, the scientist give this theory:
Humans have mistreated elephants for the past century, and they are suffering Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (the first time this mental illness has been "diagnosed" in an animal other then a human). They cite the following reasons:
- Humans "cull" elephant herds when they become too big for nature to contain, and the babies are sold to circuses.
- In the episode, a female elephant, while in a circus, killed two people and terrorized a crowd. After digging into her past, it was found that she was the only survivor of one of these "cullings", and at the time of the attack, she relived the nightmare.
- Humans kill elephants for fun and food
- In the episode, we see a baby elephant cruelly killed by humans, which triggers an entire herd to attack a town without provocation because that town had the baby elephant's scent, and they were looking for their "kinsman".
- If an orphaned baby elephant or several orphaned young are left to fend for themselves, as they grow up, they have no older members to keep their rage in check, so they gang up and kill humans.
- Humans are slowly destroying the food source of elephants by human development.
- When a herd was found eating crops from the farmers crop feild, they attempted to drive them away by shooting above thier heads and tossing sticks that they lit on fire.
There is also one other cause of elephant rage that is not the result of human activity. Since male elephants are "kicked out" of their herds when they become sexually mature, their "sex hormones" kick in and anything that stands in their way becomes an unfortunate victim.
External link to national geographics elephant rage episode of Explorer (http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/channel/blog/2005/05/elephant_rage.html)
See also
- War elephant
- White elephant
- History of elephants in Europe
- Crushing by elephant
- Dumbo
- List of historical elephants
- List of fictional elephants
- Elephant (movie - winner of Cannes Film Festival 2003)
- Elephant in the corner
- Dwarf elephant
- Elephant ear
- The Elephant Sanctuary
- Year of the Elephant
Refrences
- The Blindmen and the Elephant (http://wikisource.org/wiki/The_Blindmen_and_the_Elephant) by John Godfrey Saxe
External links
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- Absolute elephant - general information (http://www.elephant.se)
- How elephants communicate (http://www.elephantvoices.org)
- Elephant News - latest headlines about elephants (http://www.elephant-news.com)
- Tim Radford, "The elephant time forgot" (http://www.education.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4244642-103690,00.html), The Guardian 2001-08-24, 1. Describes the discovery of the third species of elephant.
- C. Johnson, "Elephant trunks were once snorkels" (http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s24742.htm), News in Science 1999-05-11,
- Photo of Pinnewella Elephant Orphanage in Sri Lanka (http://fsweb.berry.edu/academic/hass/jhickman/george.html)
- Seek My Bowl on elephants as symbols (http://seekmybowl.com/elephant.php)
- The elephant game (http://www.pepere.org/flash-game_1_x/the-elephant-game_7.html).
- Elephant Reintroduction Foundation (http://www.elephantreintroduction.org),The foundation is dedicated to a management system for rehabilitation of captive elephants and habitat preparation to ensure successful long-term sustainability after their return to the wild.
- Animal info (http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/mammalia/proboscidea/african-elephant.htm#ec)
- List of easy-to-read articles about elephants (http://www.uen.org/utahlink/activities/view_activity.cgi?activity_id=3819)
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