Defense Attaché System
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The Defense Attaché System is a part of the United States Defense Intelligence Agency that provides military and civilian attachés to foriegn governments.
History
A Department of Defense (DoD) Directive in 1949 stated that, "Each Military Service is individually responsible for its own Attache System, including coordination with the State Department." From July 1951 to March 1952 the Secretary of Defense, at Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) urging, established a limited Executive Agent System in support of attache operations. This set the precedent for DIA assuming these responsibilities later on.
The DoD's Office of Special Operations (OSO) negotiated with the Department of State for opening the three Service attache systems. Upon the activation of the Defnese Intelligence Agency (DIA), and the subsequent disestablishment of OSO, DIA assumed responsibility. In 1961, the Secretary of Defense deferred the placement of all attaches under DIA management, and the Services continued to manage, operate, and support their individual attache systems.
Several problems existed with the control of attaches under the Services. Each reported separately to the Ambassador and represented the U.S. separately to the host country military, causing duplication of effort. Moreover, the distribution of information was poor. Artificial barriers to a free exchange of information between Services and the JCS existed, and the coordination of attache activities with other DoD elements was difficult. The cost to DoD in sponsoring up to three separate Service elements in a single country amounted to the inefficient use of limited resources. Furthermore, the collection and dissemination of duplicate intelligence produced uncertainties.
The Defense Attaché System (DAS) was established 12 December 1964. On that day Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara stated,
"I am today announcing my decision to designate a Senior Defense Attache in each foreign country to increase the efficiency of our attache work at the embassies in which they serve. The Joint Chiefs of Staff and I will look to this attache to supervise and coordinate the work of all U.S. attaches assigned at particular embassies, to make certain that the needs of the ambassadors are filled and to be the senior representative of the Department of Defense at the embassy at which he is stationed. The Senior Defense Attache in each country will report to me through the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In implementing this decision, we will, of course, continue to draw upon the Military Services for the staffing of our attache posts."
On 1 July 1965, the Defense Attaché System officially came under the Director of DIA. The objectives of the DAS under DIA are twofold: to provide a more efficient system for the collection of intelligence information for DoD components and to preserve a channel for Service-to-Service and DoD representational matters of common interest.
CHRONOLOGY
- 1889- Permanent military attaches sent to London, Berlin, Paris, Vienna, and St. Petersburg. (By 1896, military attaches were serving also in Rome, Madrid, and Brussels.)
- 1918- 24 military attaches accredited to 28 capitals and 15 naval attaches to 18 capitals.
- 1936- 464 military and naval attaches abroad.
- 1945- Military attaches in 45 capitals
- 1948- 258 Army and Air Force officers on attached duty in 59 countries and 120 naval officers in 43 countries.
- 1949- 2049 personnel on attache duty; a Senior Attache was designated for each capital.
- 1950- Attaches were cut by 35%, and 36 posts were eliminated; totals were 1458.
- 1951- Executive agency system replaced the Senior Attache system.
- 1952- Executive agency system abandoned, and Services reassumed logistical and administrative support for own attaches.
- 1956- 166 attache posts in 71 countries: 68 Army, 45 Navy, 53 Air Force; total personnel.
- 1956- Sixty foreign countries had 121 attaches in Washington: 57 Army, 32 Navy, 32 Air force.
- 1960- The Defense Department had 2090 attache personnel in 74 capitals.
- 1963- Attache personnel reached a high of 2345.
- 1964- U.S. attache personnel reduced to 1936.
- 1965- Defense Attaché System established.
REFERENCES
Adapted from this article The Defense Attaches (http://www.dia.mil/History/Histories/attaches.html/)
