Aromatherapy
From Biocrawler, the free encyclopedia.
Aromatherapy, commonly associated with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), is the use of volatile liquid plant materials, known as essential oils (EOs), and other aromatic compounds from plants to affect someone's mood or health. The word was coined in the 1920s by French chemist René Maurice Gattefossé, who devoted his life to researching the healing properties of essential oils after a lucky accident in his perfume laboratory. (In the accident, he lit his arm on fire and thrust it into the nearest cold liquid, which happened to be a vat of lavender oil. Much to his amazement, the burn quickly healed without a scar.)
The main branches of aromatherapy include:
- Home aromatherapy (self treatment, perfume & cosmetic use)
- Clinical aromatherapy (as part of pharmacology and pharmacotherapy)
- Aromachology (the psychology of odors and their effects on the mind)
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Theory
When aromatherapy is used for the treatment or prevention of disease, a precise knowledge of the bioactivity and synergy of the essential oils used, knowledge of the dosage and duration of application, as well as, naturally, a medical diagnosis, are required. In the Anglo-Saxon world, even among "natural" practitioners like herbalists or naturopaths, aromatherapy is regarded more as an art form than a valid healing science. At best, it is viewed as a complementary and seldom the only treatment prescribed. On the continent, especially in France, where it originated, aromatherapy is incorporated into mainstream medicine. There, the use of the anti-septic properties of oils in the control of infections is emphasized over the more "touchy feely" approaches familiar to English speakers. In France some essential oils are regulated as prescription drugs, and thus administered by a physician. In many countries they are included in the national pharmacopeia, but up to the present moment aromatherapy as science has never been recognized as a valid branch of medicine in the United States, Russia, Germany, or Japan.
Essential oils, phytoncides and other natural VOCs work in different ways. At the scent level they activate the limbic system and emotional centers of the brain. When applied to the skin (commonly in form of "massage oils" i.e. 1-10% solutions of EO in carrier oil) they activate thermal receptors, and kill microbes and fungi. Internal application of essential oil preparations (mainly in pharmacological drugs; generally not recommended for home use apart from dilution - 1-5% in fats or mineral oils, or hydrosoles) may stimulate the immune system,
Criticism
Skeptics argue that while pleasant scents can be relaxing, lowering stress and related effects, there is currently insufficient scientific proof of the effectiveness of aromatherapy. Like many alternative therapies, few controlled, double-blind studies have been carried out—a common explanation is that there is little incentive to do so if the results of the studies are not patentable. There are some treatments generally accepted in Western medicine to give a form of relief for the airways in case of cold or flu, such as mint and eucalyptus essential oils. Skeptical literature often depicts aromatherapy as based on anecdotal evidence of its benefits rather than proof that aromatherapy can cure diseases. Some skeptics acknowledge that aromatherapy has limited scientific support but argue that its claims go beyond the data or that the studies are not adequately controlled and peer reviewed. If there can be positive effects, there can also be negative ones if used incorrectly or in bad combinations especially with traditional pharmacology.
The term "aromatherapy" has been applied to such a wide range of products that almost anything which contains essential oils is likely to be called an "aromatherapy product", rendering the term somewhat meaningless in that context.
Some proponents of aromatherapy believe that the claimed effect of each type of oil is not caused by the chemicals in the oil interacting with the senses, but that the oil contains a distillation of the "life force" of the plant from which it is derived that will "balance the energies" of the body and promote healing or well-being by purging negative vibrations from the body's energy field. Arguing that there is little scientific evidence that healing can be achieved, or that the claimed "energies" even exist, many skeptics reject this form of aromatherapy as pseudoscience or even quackery.
External Links
- Aromatherapy (http://www.holisticjunction.com/categories/HAD/aromatherapy.html)
- Aromatherapy Associations and Research Bodies (http://www.oilganic.com/associations-research-trade.htm)
- AromaWeb (http://www.aromaweb.com) - Portal of home aromatherapy
- Aromatherapy: What Is It? (http://www.herbalgram.org/iherb/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=2450)
- Aromatherapy (http://takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/therapies/aromatherapy)
- International Journal of Aromatherapy (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=6955&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0e4b203f6b02250f9d7888636094345c) Clinical studies of aromatherapy
Skeptical References
- Smell Research by Tim Jacob: Aromatherapy - does it work? (http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/olfactres.html#aromatherapy)
- Skepdic: aromatherapy (http://www.skepdic.com/aroma.html)
- Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents (http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/aroma.html)
- Essential oils and aromatherapy: A rebuttal to bunk science and the healing power of odors (http://www.andybrain.com/extras/essential-oils-and-aromatherapy.htm)
Books
- Advanced Aromatherapy: The Science of Essential Oil Therapy ISBN 0892817437
- The Practice of Aromatherapy : A Classic Compendium of Plant Medicines and Their Healing Properties ISBN 0892813989
